Even though the press coverage of Trump frustrates me at times, I also recognize and believe that Trump poses unique challenges to the press, challenges that aren’t easy to overcome. Ideally, I should take the time to write a more organized post, listing and describing some of these challenges. However, I just saw a tweet that made me think of one of these challenges, and I want to comment on this before I forget. Here’s the tweet:
"The White House has spent the last seven months lying to not only reporters, but the American people because they have said the President did not consider firing (Mueller). … It was not on his mind at all," says CNN's Kaitlan Collins https://t.co/Z2qLFwbbUy
— CNN Tonight (@CNNTonight) January 26, 2018
REMEMBER: Trump, his lawyer John Dowd and his top adviser Kellyanne Conway ALL DENIED last August that Trump ever considered firing Mueller. (NYT just reported that Trump ordered Mueller's firing in June.) pic.twitter.com/Li49ecCYSa
— Marshall Cohen (@MarshallCohen) January 26, 2018
Here’s the challenge I see: Trump and his administration not only lie a lot, but the nature of their lies seems egregious in a unique way, making things up, including falsely accusing Democrats and the press. Others have remarked the lies resemble the type found in autocracies. To me, this warrants treating Trump in a different way from other presidents, as I don’t believe other presidents have egregiously crossed a line. However, I believe doing this would make journalists incredibly squeamish, regardless if this is justified. Why? Because treating Trump differently, as if his lying makes him different, makes him more like a dictator than a POTUS, would make them feel like hyperbolic partisans. (Read: unreasonable individuals incapable of being fair or objective.) No journalists wants to act in a way that makes them appear like these people. Trump supporters would accuse them of bias, and these journalists would feel totally defenseless against these charges. They could try to justify their position, but that justification would essentially be a “but his lies are different” argument, which is essentially the type of thing that partisan extremists would say. “But this time, Trump is really different! We’re really being fair and objective,” they might say, but I suspect journalists would know this would sound feeble and unpersuasive.
For these reasons (and maybe others), journalists gravitate back towards an approach that treats Trump like previous presidents. That is, they try to forget about how egregious the lies are, how often they occur, moving them closer to a place where they give the benefit of the doubt to Trump. I feel like the following tweet supports this, at least to some degree:
Asked why it took seven months for this to come out, @maggieNYT, who broke the story, says, “I’m a little surprised at how effective people in the White House were at lying to us…”
— Kaitlan Collins (@kaitlancollins) January 26, 2018
I feel like a smart journalist like Haberman–who has known Trump for a long time–can only be surprised if she subconsciously minimizes and attempts to forget that Trump has zero credibility and consistently behaves with bad faith. If journalists knew a colleague, stockbroker, or friend who behaved like Trump, there would be no surprise at the effectiveness of the lies because the lies wouldn’t be effective. But journalists covering Trump is a different domain than the interactions that journalists have with others outside of their work. The rules regarding earning the trust of the public, the professional standards and professional pride–all good things–creates a barrier to covering someone like Trump, a shameless liar, conspiracy theorist, con man. I’m not sure about the journalists should respond, but I’ll try to propose suggestions later.
More On Why Covering Trump is So Difficult
I think I’ve gotten a clearer idea on why journalists have such difficulty covering Trump. Let me start by sharing some of my recent experiences on twitter: namely, seeing the way smart people, on the left and right, slip into conspiracy thinking. Seeing that makes me realize that the same thing could happen to me. If people who are smarter than me can succumb to conspiracy thinking, then certainly I could, too, right? Here’s another thing: When people succumb to conspiracy thinking, are they aware this is happening? I highly doubt that. I suspect they think they believe in the truth, and they’re just seeing the truth. How do I know I’m not doing the same thing? How does anyone know?
A Mental Warning System That Prevents Irrational Thinking
To answer that, I have to first describe a feature of the way our mind works. My sense is that most people have a red-flagging mechanism in their minds, relating to conspiracy thinking or irrational thinking in general. When one starts constructing an explanation that heads towards something irrational, these mental red flags start popping up. Most people heed these flags, stop, and dismiss these thoughts. If they don’t, it can create discomfort, anxiety and a sense of instability and insecurity. The person can feel like they’re going crazy.
I suspect this is what’s happening with journalists. To believe that Trump is an authoritarian, attempting to erode or smash the rule of law and other safeguards against a despot seems. Writing this–using words like “despot”–raises red flags for me. One has push through the red flags to continue thinking this way, following where train of thoughts lead. But that is dangerous because once one starts doing this, one weakens the primary means of avoiding irrational thinking. If one goes too far, accepting and even embracing irrational ideas and thinking, one can start losing the ability to think rationally and perceive the world in rational way.
So are the journalists right to avoid thinking of Trump as a budding autocrat? Are all those thinking of him that way succumbing to conspiracy thinking? No, I don’t think that’s necessarily the case. But how do we know? How does one know that Trump is actually a budding autocrat, or if one is just embracing a conspiracy theory?
When Overriding the Warning System is Approprite
Here are my thoughts on that. Words like “despot” and “authoritarian” serve as triggers to the warning system. My sense is that red flags will appear (in the context we’re talking about) regardless if there is a rationally good reason for using those words or not. That is, sound thinking and compelling evidence could justify describing a politician that way.
But how does one know that one is thinking reasonably? Once again, the conspiracy theorist probably believes their thinking is sound, too. I have two ways to address this problem:
1. Present your thoughts to other reasonable people. Do they agree or not? Additionally, find others with different political views and opinions. They don’t have to agree with all of your conclusions, but only acknowledge that your thinking is sound. (Ideally, if you could find a ideologically diverse group, committed to a process that helped arrive at accurate information, that would be even better.)
2. Demand more evidence, more compelling arguments before accepting ideas and explanations that raise a lot of mental red flags. This should offer more protection against falling down a slippery slope.
Conclusion
I think the points above suggest a way that journalist can cover Trump more accurately and effectively. Journalists shouldn’t automatically reject an idea, a line of thinking, a way of viewing a situation just because mental alarm bells go off. When that occurs, journalists can raise the barriers to accepting those ideas. And if they find enough evidence and can construct enough reasonable arguments, that other rational people with different politics find sound, if not persuasive, then they should take step over that hurdle and follow the facts where they lead.
Addendum
Other ways to safeguard against sliding into conspiracy thinking:
1. Your sense of wariness and vigilance should rise in direct proportion to your level of confidence in a theory, narrative, etc. Be wary of absolute certainty about your narratives/theories. This sensation should raise alarm bells, and if it doesn’t, that in itself should constitute a red flag. This doesn’t mean that every time you feel really confident about a theory or position, that this confidence isn’t justified–that the theory or position isn’t correct. But the more certain your are, the more cautious you should be.
2. Expose yourself to other narratives, theories, etc. and seek to understand them. This is a way to keep from your thinking calcifying. What helps is if you recognize that the theory or narrative you favor could be wrong, for a lack of a better word.
3. Force yourself to construct an alternative, non-conspiratorial theory/narrative that is plausible.
4. Look for facts that weaken the conspiracy theory.
Here’s a recent example.
Think of what he’s saying and the reasonable conclusions one could draw from this. Even though I strongly oppose Trump, I can feel a significant level of cognitive tension within myself. Trump seems to not only not understand our system of government or basic principles like the rule of law, but he doesn’t seem to be aware that his remarks will convey this to the public. That is, he doesn’t think he’s saying anything problematic or wrong. Again, even as someone who strongly opposes Trump, it is uncomfortable to hold this thought, and accept it. I can easily see people wanting to look away or move on, not wanting to fully acknowledge what this means.
In a bizarre way, I think this has provided protection for Trump. There’s almost an emperor-has-no-clothes dynamic. I feel like we need a the-Emperor-has-no-clothes moment to break through.
Someone Who Might Be Ignoring the Internal Warning System
Norm Ornstein is a guy I respect, and a large part of that respect stems from my impression that he was a relatively moderate, non-partisan individual. I haven’t dramatically changed my impression of him, but he seems to letting himself break through barriers that keep a person’s speech reasonable. Here’s the type of thing I’ve been hearing from him a lot lately:
He’s allowing himself to call these people names, in a rather dramatic fashion. I’m a little concerned that if he keeps allowing himself to do this, he’s going to lose the ability to think and express himself in reasonable ways.
And just to be clear: I don’t mean to stand in judgment of him or act as him I’m above this sort of thing. If I’m honest with myself, the way I express my opinions about Trump is a concern–I could be slipping into a place where I can no longer discern what is reasonable from what is unreasonable. If I haven’t already done this, I think there are enough signs that I should be very wary of this.
By the way, a guy who seems to be further on down this path (to the point where I’ve dropped him off my list) is Lawrence Tribe, a rather well-respected law professor, if I’m not mistaken. (Harvard?) I kinda think he’s gone down the rabbit hole. For example, he seems to embrace conspiracy theories. I really hope Ornstein doesn’t head down that way.
I should also say that I really think Ornstein’s disgust and outrage is justified. But I worry based on the way he’s expressing himself.
Mitchell, I’m curious to hear your thoughts on this op-ed:
I think the coverage needs to be different, but Sullivan seems to be calling for violating a more objective approach, where reporters don’t editorialize. I’m actually more sympathetic to her view. I think I can guess what you’d say, but I wonder if the nature of the Trump presidency would alter your normal position.
The following op-ed examines remarks criticism of the remarks made by NYT journalist (Doug McNeil) in an interview. Here are some of his remarks:
The op-ed offers how the NYT editors would have corrected some of McNeil’s responses:
My first reaction was to lean towards the NYT editors. Their version takes out more judgmental language. But a few seconds later, I thought of the response readers would have these revisions–would most arrive at McNeil’s conclusion. And assuming they didn’t, would their impression be more or less accurate? Is the answer to this really a matter of dispute–that is, would there be no consensus among reasonable, fair-minded individuals? Is McNeil’s judgments close calls?
If overwhelming evidence supports his characterizations, while very little evidence supports the opposite, would more neutral language function more like a euphemism and mislead the public? I tend to think this is the case.
But my sense is that for the NYT editors, McNeil’s comments aren’t problematic because of accuracy or subjectivity per se. Rather the problem is that his comments create the impression he–and by extension the NYT–are not fair and therefore not trustworthy. I think this is a legitimate concern. But if the method of creating the impression of fairness actually does a poorer job of informing the public, there’s something really wrong going on.
10/18/2020
(Note: I didn’t want to add another post and clog up the comments in the margins of the first page, so I’m posting the post below.)
I don’t really read The Huffington Post, but the following thread by one of it’s journalists, S.V. Date illustrates both the challenge and failure of the press in covering Trump’s corruption, the Russian hyper-war assault in the 2016 election.
I really future generations will struggle to understand both the failure of the press and the public with regard to the tepid coverage and response to Trump’s egregious rhetoric and actions. The blatant corruption by itself would end, or warranting ending, any presidency, not to mention any government employee on any level. Because he didn’t divest his business and release his tax records, his corruption also made knowing whether Trump worked for his own personal interests or the countries. This, again, warranted impeachment and removal. And these things were out in the open for the most part. The press did do a good job of covering the story, and I guess for those who paid attention did get the message. But I feel like those numbers should have been a lot bigger. If they were I feel like his presidency would have been over by now.
I can’t help but feel part of this has to do with the press not being emphatic enough, and playing down Trump’s egregious actions by their language and overall coverage.
I feel similar with the coverage of what Russia did in the 2016 election. I still don’t think they really explained the significance of what Russia did, and maybe they don’t fully understand the significance (or, I am wrong about the significance.)
I liked this thread from Jay Rosen.
A thread about a metaphor that increasingly misleads. I refer to the image of “exposure” as a description of what the press does, should do, or isn’t doing well enough. To expose wrongdoing, incompetence, or hypocrisy is to do good in journalism, right? Well, yes, but… 1/
Here’s a passage from a famous book in media studies: Walter Lippmann’s Public Opinion (1922.) “The press is no substitute for institutions. It is like the beam of a searchlight that moves restlessly about, bringing one episode and then another out of darkness into vision.” 2/
There’s the image I mean. The press brings one episode, then another “out of darkness into vision.” That is exposure. Another way we employ the same metaphor is to speak not of darkness but of light. We may say the facts were “brought to light,” or the press shines a light. 3/
To see how deeply his image is embedded in journalism, we can consult the names of local newspapers. The Baltimore Sun. The Akron Beacon. In 1979 the Pulitzer Prize in Public Service, the highest award in journalism, was given to the Point Reyes Light, a weekly in California. 4/
These names try to associate the work of journalism with the spreading or casting of light. There are no names for newspapers like “the Daily Tunnel,” or the Baltimore Shroud. Press imagery doesn’t flow that way: into darkness. As we all know, that is where democracy dies. 5/
Now for the rest of Lippmann’s quote: “[People] cannot govern society by episodes, incidents, and eruptions. It is only when they work by a steady light of their own, that the press, when it is turned upon them, reveals a situation intelligible enough for a popular decision.” 6/
Lippmann is saying two things: you can’t govern by press release and media event, AND the public won’t be able to grasp what is at stake if you try. Thus no matter how well executed, “controversy of the day” coverage — a series of episodes — won’t lead to public understanding. 7/
But now we have a conceptual difficulty Lippmann did not foresee 100 years ago. Many of the biggest and hardest problems before the American press involve matters that have already been “brought to light,” meaning they cannot be resolved by further exposure. 8/
A simple example is this headline from the Washington Post fact checker: President Trump made 18,000 false or misleading claims in 1,170 days. washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/… Obviously he has already been “exposed” as a chronic liar. Further fact checks cannot function as an alert. 9/
For the press, then, the problem is not how to bring to light the truth that the President is a wholly unreliable source of information, but how to operate around him in light of the fact that we know he is likely to pollute the stream further when asked legitimate questions. 10/
The media scholar @wphillips49 has made a similar point in her work on how to cover online extremists. She takes note of the common phrase “sunlight disinfects.” (Louis Brandeis, 1914, writing about the power of publicity: “Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants.”) 11/
Sometimes it disinfects, says Whitney Phillips, but sunlight also makes things grow.
Journalists have to walk a fine line, says disinformation expert Whitney Phillips
One of the most challenging problems of the digital information age is how to report on disinformation without pouring gasoline on the fire in the process. While working with the New York-based group…
https://www.cjr.org/the_new_gatekeepers/disinformation-whitney-phillips.php
Her point: you can’t necessarily “expose” an online extremist or troll campaign without completing their work for them, since media attention is how they thrive. 12/
This is why Phillips and other scholars have tried to introduce a term to newsroom decision-making: amplification. The facts are out there, but be careful about which ones you amplify because you may be assisting bad actors or spreading disinformation.
The Oxygen of Amplification
Data & Society advances public understanding of the social implications of data-centric technologies and automation.
https://datasociety.net/library/oxygen-of-amplification/
13/
Same problem arises in the testy debate over how to cover Trump’s (very trollish) virus briefings. When he says passengers on trains and flights in the US are being tested when they depart and when they arrive, BUT ITS A LIE, should that be amplified?
Fact check: Trump falsely claims plane and train passengers are being tested for the coronavirus | CNN Politics
President Donald Trump falsely claimed Wednesday that airplane and train passengers are being given “very strong tests” for the coronavirus both before departure and after arrival.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/politics/fact-check-trump-plane-and-train-passengers-tested-for-the-coronavirus/index.html
14/
This happened, but should it be amplified? is one of the doubts that floats to the surface when we realize that “bringing one episode and then another out of darkness into vision” isn’t helping with our biggest problems, even though we need journalists to keep digging. 15/
In Susan Glasser’s April 9 report in the New Yorker there is a moment I have been unable to forget. She spoke to executives in Silicon Valley who tried to help with parts of the Trump government’s response to the pandemic, until they came to realize there is no plan. — 16/ @sbg1
One of her sources, Eric Ries, had initially believed that it was only a matter of time until the federal government got its act together and came to the rescue of struggling firms and communities. “They did not realize this was a government failure by design,” Glasser says. 17/
“…Not a problem to be fixed but a policy choice by President Trump that either would not or could not be undone. ‘No one can believe it. That’s the No. 1 problem with the whole situation: the facts are known, but they are inconceivable,’ Ries told me.” 18/
The facts are known, but they are inconceivable.
How Did the U.S. End Up with Nurses Wearing Garbage Bags?
A Silicon Valley C.E.O., Jared Kushner, and the race to get P.P.E. for America’s hospitals.
https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/the-coronavirus-and-how-the-united-states-ended-up-with-nurses-wearing-garbage-bags
Here’s some white space so you can think on that… 19/
Democracy can die in broad daylight too. I doubt that Donald Trump can be further exposed, even though we need journalists to keep digging. A pandemic compounded by deliberate misrule doesn’t need to come to light. It has been revealed. Now we have to work on believing it. 20/END